The goal of citizen participation.
According to Arnstein, what should the goal of citizen participation be? What risks are posed by the lower
rungs of the ladder? According to the other authors, as well as your own experience, what are some strengths
and weaknesses with her “ladder of citizen participation” framework?
Reminder: In your reflection, I expect you to draw from at least two of the readings (5 points), using proper
citations, and to pose at least one question (5 points). Reflections should be roughly a page (though more if
you want) and should reflect your attempt to engage with the course material, critically reflect, and apply it the
prompt. Feel free to disagree, agree, or critique. There is no right answer, I am just looking for you to think
about what you have read and the weekly prompt.
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